Steps of processing cow dung into Manure by Organic fertilizer equipment

The cow dung processing Organic fertilizer equipment is a complete set of equipment that processes Manure with cow dung as raw material. The cow dung in the dung pan can be pumped into the equipment by the cow dung processing machine through the mud pump, and then dehydrated by the equipment. After treatment, the water content is about 40%.

The method of deep processing cow dung into Manure is very simple. First, select a spacious place, pour the ground with cement, then put the cleaned cow dung on the cement ground to dry, and close the surrounding area with a sunscreen to dry; The purchase of Manure treatment equipment can treat cow dung into granules, which is suitable for sowing, transportation, etc., killing two birds with one stone.

Technological process of cattle manure processing Organic fertilizer production line:

1. Due to the high moisture content of livestock and poultry manure, it is necessary to add crop straw, such as wheat, corn straw, rice straw, peanut seedlings, etc., which are crushed by a straw crusher and mixed with livestock and poultry manure. Hold the livestock and poultry manure in your hand to prevent any leakage of open water.

2. Adding biological strains, the function of biological strains is to quickly heat up, kill harmful bacteria, and achieve deodorization. Generally, after adding biological strains, a temperature of 65 ℃ can eliminate more than 95% of harmful strains. In order to fully ripen and flip evenly, the slot flip machine can perform one flip.

3. At this time, there is animal hair in the fermented Manure, which has a long maturity period, which will affect the granulation effect. At this time, a screening machine is required for screening. In order to protect the environment, a dust cover can be added at this time.

4. Mixing: according to the national requirements for the content of Manure, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accounts for 5%. At this time, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium need to be added, and the mixer needs to be used for mixing.

5. After granulation, the finished product is dried with a moisture content of less than 30% and subsequently packaged for sale.

According to the new national policy, we will accelerate the construction of modern animal husbandry and promote the green development of animal husbandry in the future. Focusing on reducing the generation, harmless treatment, and resource utilization of livestock and poultry breeding waste, we will implement the creation of a demonstration county for green development of animal husbandry, promote the comprehensive utilization of waste throughout the county, and achieve regional agricultural and animal husbandry circulation and zero emissions. Based on the characteristics of small-scale, large-scale, and industrialized livestock and poultry farming in China, adhering to the combination of energy and fertilizer utilization, based on fertilizer utilization, supplemented by energy utilization, and synchronously promoting the resource utilization of livestock and poultry farming waste is the fundamental way to solve the pollution problem of livestock and poultry farming.

The fertilizer production line for chicken manure production of Manure includes five links

Chicken manure has high nutritional value. It is processed into chicken manure Manure for sale, which is a form of recycling aquaculture emissions. It can promote the improvement of environmental protection problems in the aquaculture industry, and can bring additional economic benefits to the farm.

The fertilizer production line for chicken manure production of Manure includes five links:

1. Chicken manure Organic fertilizer fermentation equipment:

The main function of the fermentation part of the Manure production line is to initially reduce the water content in the raw materials of Manure. As we all know, the raw materials of Manure are mainly chicken manure, pig manure, cow manure, sheep manure and other animal manure. Cow manure and sheep manure are OK, and the humidity of chicken manure and pig manure is too high. Especially, the initial humidity of chicken manure is generally above. Such high humidity cannot be directly treated, and must be fermented in a fermentation tank first.

Generally speaking, after about a week of fermentation, the humidity of fresh chicken manure can be reduced to below. Another tip to share is that during the fermentation process of chicken manure, some coarse fiber materials such as bran and wheat bran can be added to reduce the fermentation time and costs.

2. Crushing equipment:

Fermented animal excrement will be caked, and block materials are not easy to dry directly. Therefore, it is recommended to use a small grinder to crush them first before moving on to the next step. In Manure equipment, the crushing part is often necessary.

3. Drying equipment:

Seeing this, some friends may want to ask, why do we need to dry it again if there is no fermentation process ahead. In fact, the fermentation can only control the humidity around. To make Manure granules, the moisture must also be controlled. Therefore, the drying process is also essential.

4. Granulation equipment:

Organic fertilizer granulator is the core link of the whole Manure production line. Generally speaking, we recommend using a combination of granulators and ball shaping machines to achieve granulation functions, and do not recommend using traditional disc granulators. The advantage of doing so is that the particle forming rate is high and the compactness is good.

5. Cooling and packaging equipment:

The cooling and packaging processes can be ignored for small volume users. Small production users can directly air dry and manually bag. Only the complete set of Organic fertilizer production lines with large output need automatic packaging machines.

What is explained here is that a complete chicken manure Organic fertilizer production line is generally not composed of a single equipment, but usually consists of two or three equipment combinations, so the price of chicken manure composting equipment is more difficult to determine, usually between 100000 and millions, depending on the actual situation. As long as the equipment is properly matched and the manufacturer is selected correctly, it can ensure that the user’s investment is small and the later profits are higher.

What details should be paid attention to when fermenting pig manure with Organic fertilizer composter

a. Particle size of raw materials: in order to achieve the granulation particle size of organic fertilizer granulator, the particle size of pig manure and auxiliary raw materials should be less than 10 mm, otherwise they need to be crushed;
b. Suitable material moisture: the optimum fermentation humidity of composting microorganisms is 50 ~ 60%, and the limit humidity is 60 ~ 65%. Therefore, the moisture content of composting materials should be adjusted to 55 ~ 60%. When the moisture content is more than 65%, there is a higher probability of dead tank fermentation.

c. Control of pig manure and auxiliary materials: according to the local agricultural conditions, the production process of pig manure fertilizer can use straw, corn stalk, peanut stem and other organic materials as auxiliary materials. The ratio of pig manure and auxiliary materials can be adjusted according to the requirements of fermentation moisture. (generally 3:1), the raw materials with carbon nitrogen ratio of 20 ~ 80:1 can be selected as the auxiliary materials for composting. Therefore, dry rice straw, corn stalk, deciduous leaves, soybean stem, peanut stem and other organic substances commonly used in rural areas can be used as auxiliary materials for composting and fermentation.
d. Fermentation cycle: after the pig manure, auxiliary materials and inoculated materials are mixed in the tank, the first turning is recorded as the start time of the fermentation cycle. Generally, it goes through a heating period of 3-4 days (5-7 days in winter) to enter the high-temperature fermentation stage. According to the temperature standard, when the temperature of the compost is over 60-70 ℃ for more than 24 hours, the compost windrow turner can be used to turn the pile, and the turning times vary with the seasons. The fermentation cycle is 15 days in summer and 25 days in winter.
e. If it is found that the temperature in the fermentation tank does not exceed 40 ℃ after 10 days in the tank, it can be judged as dead tank and the fermentation start-up fails. At this time, it is necessary to measure the water content in the tank. If the moisture content is more than 60%, it is necessary to add auxiliary materials and inoculating materials and mix them with organic fertilizer machine; if the moisture content is lower than 60%, consider whether the amount of inoculated materials is not enough.
After the pretreated livestock manure enters the organic fertilizer stirring and fermentation device for fermentation, an appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other elements are added according to a certain proportion to make the trace elements meet the organic fertilizer production standard, and then the livestock manure is processed into high fertilizer efficiency, convenient transportation and Use safe and affordable organic fertilizers.

Fermentation method of Organic fertilizer production line with annual output of 50000 tons

With the rapid development of animal husbandry, a large amount of feces and sewage have been generated. The harmful elements in these feces seriously exceed the standard, making it difficult to treat them with traditional methods of returning them to the fields. In view of this situation, people have developed Organic fertilizer equipment with movable and efficient solid-liquid separation technology as the core and integrated fertilizer production equipment such as high-efficiency mixer, dumper, granulator, etc.

The fermentation method of the production line of Organic fertilizer with an annual output of 50000 tons of straw, livestock and poultry manure is as follows:

1. Stack cow dung, straw, straw and other auxiliary materials and Fermentation starter in a certain proportion in the fermentation site.

2. The compost can be turned over after the fermentation temperature rises. When the fermentation temperature is about to reach 70 ℃, the Organic fertilizer turning machine shall be used to turn over the compost once every other period of time.

3. When the compost shows a temperature drop, loose materials, no odor, slightly ammonia odor, and white hyphae in the pile, it indicates that the Manure has been fermented and is ready for the next process.

4. The Manure is transported to the production workshop by forklift, and is made into granular Manure through a series of production processes and packaged into bags.

What are the purposes and characteristics of livestock and poultry manure fermentation and tipping equipment? Use of Manure fermentation equipment:

1. Mixing function in raw material conditioning.

In fertilizer production, it is necessary to add some auxiliary materials to adjust the carbon nitrogen ratio, acidity, water content, etc. of the raw materials. The main raw materials and various auxiliary materials roughly stacked together in proportion can be stirred by a stacker to achieve uniform mixing and tempering.

2. Adjust the temperature of the raw material pile.

During the operation of the tipping machine, the raw material pellets are fully in contact and mixed with the air. The material pile can contain a large amount of fresh air, which helps aerobic microorganisms to actively produce fermentation heat and increase the stack temperature; When the temperature increases, the supplement of fresh air can lower the stack temperature. A state of alternating medium temperature, high temperature, medium temperature, and high temperature is formed, and various beneficial microorganisms rapidly grow and reproduce in the temperature range they adapt to.

3. Improve the permeability of raw material piles.

The flipping system can process materials into small clumps, making the thick and dense material pile fluffy and elastic, forming suitable porosity.

4. Adjust the moisture content of the raw material pile.

The suitable water content for raw material fermentation is about 55%, and the water content of finished Manure is below 20%. During fermentation, biochemical reactions generate new water, and the consumption of raw materials by microorganisms also causes water to lose its carrier and free up. Therefore, with the process of fertilizer production, timely reduction of water content, in addition to evaporation formed by heat conduction, the overturning of raw materials by the stacker will result in forced water vapor emission.

5. Special requirements for achieving composting processes.

For example, crushing raw materials, giving them a certain shape or achieving quantitative displacement of raw materials.

Operation steps of cattle manure Organic fertilizer production line

Cow manure is the most troublesome thing for friends in the aquaculture industry, which is equivalent to the problem of dealing with agricultural straw, which is the biggest headache for us people in the agricultural industry. Collect cow dung and add crop straw in a certain proportion. After being decomposed, it can be used as raw material for Manure production, and its value will be greatly increased. Cow manure contains a lot of organic matter nutrients, and crop straw absorbs nutrients from the soil for a long time, so straw also has a certain amount of nutrients. Therefore, when these two materials are mixed to ferment Manure raw materials, they will be rich in more organic matter nutrients.

Operation steps of cattle manure straw Organic fertilizer production line:

1. Organic fertilizer dumper: collect cow dung and add straw in a certain proportion for fermentation. During the fermentation process, a composting machine is used to ferment cow manure thoroughly. Only timely and uniform composting can achieve this. After the material has fully matured and fermented, it can proceed to the next processing step.

2. Semi wet material crusher: After the above equipment has completely fermented and decomposed, the fermented and decomposed materials can be crushed using a crusher. The reason is that the newly fermented and decomposed materials are too large to be processed in the next stage, so a professional crusher is needed for processing. Here we will tell you about the commonly used types of crushers: semi wet material crushers, dual axis horizontal crushers, vertical hammer head crushers, etc.

3. Horizontal mixer: The materials processed by the crushing equipment can be transported to the horizontal mixer for mixing operations. During this period, mixing the materials evenly is a key factor, and the most important thing is which nutrients we want to add to it. During the mixing process, it is the most suitable stage.

4. Organic fertilizer granulator: the stirred materials can be transported to the granulator, thus entering the important granulation stage. I hereby recommend the disc granulator, which is a large and medium-sized granulator and is also the most commonly used equipment. In addition to this equipment, there are also wet stirring toothed granulators and roller extrusion granulators. As for which device to use, you can choose according to the customer’s needs.

5. Organic fertilizer dryer: the reason for passing through the drum dryer is that the moisture content in Manure granules is large, so it needs to be controlled within a certain range;

6. Rotary cooler: the reason for using the rotary cooler is that the processing temperature of Manure particles has reached a very high level through a series of equipment, so we need to use the rotary cooler to reduce the temperature;

7. Rolling screening machine: after being cooled, Manure particles can be screened out from Manure particles of different sizes using a drum screening machine for secondary crushing processing;

8. Organic fertilizer coating machine: the function of the coating machine is to wrap a layer of transparent coating on the surface of Manure particles, and to wrap a layer of coating without affecting the fertilizer efficiency of Manure particles so that the particles are not easy to be crushed and packed; By now, the production of Manure granules has been completed;

9. Organic fertilizer packing machine: the function of the automatic packing scale is to pack and sell the produced granules to the market.

The common solution of pig manure is to process it into Organic fertilizer

It is not only helpful to improve the surrounding ecological environment, but also to further expand the economic and social benefits of pig farms.
Pig manure composting is a common treatment method. After 10-15 days of accumulation and fermentation, pig manure can be made into high-grade high-quality organic fertilizer; or through drying, it can be further made into organic and inorganic biological formula fertilizer, which can be sold commercially.

The common solution of pig manure is to use Organic fertilizer production lines to process Organic fertilizer
The solid organic wastes, such as pig manure and bedding grass, are piled up in a certain proportion. Under the action of microorganisms, biochemical reactions are carried out to naturally decompose them. With the increase of temperature in the heap, the pathogens, eggs and pupae of the larvae are killed, and harmless and become high-quality organic fertilizer.
At the same time, adding pig manure in batches can make the composting microorganisms in the composting shed rapidly propagate, which can reduce the amount of feces, dehydrate and harmless in a short time. Rapid aerobic composting technology requires the use of organic fertilizer machine ventilation, composting and raising the fermentation temperature, at the same time adding accelerated fermentation microbial strains.
For large and medium-sized pig farms, industrialized fermentation and drying method can be adopted, while for small-scale pig farms or farmers’ self-care, the method of providing fermentation bacteria and farmers’ own composting and fermentation can be adopted.
Pig manure organic fertilizer is different from chemical fertilizer in the market. It can not only prevent and control the damage of various diseases and insect pests on crops, but also improve the soil, reduce the harmful residues of nitrate and heavy metals caused by the large use of chemical fertilizers in the products, inhibit and kill pathogenic bacteria, and provide the nutrition needed by crops Ingredients, coordinate the proportion of nutrients, promote the reasonable growth of crops, create green pollution-free food for you.

What equipment is needed for making granular Manure from farm manure

With the rapid development of large-scale and intensive poultry, duck, pig, sheep, and cattle farming, the environmental pollution problem caused by the concentrated discharge of manure from breeding farms is becoming increasingly prominent. If there is a lack of effective treatment methods, a large amount of fecal accumulation can easily cause serious pollution. Stacking on the ground, using a ground tipping machine, or feeding materials in a fermentation tank, or using a trough tipping machine. Evenly sprinkle the bacterial agent, ferment in a pile to reach a temperature rise, eliminate odor, decompose, kill miscellaneous bacteria and grass seeds, ferment for 7-12 days, and the number of times the pile is flipped varies depending on the temperature in different regions. Completely ferment and decompose, and leave the pool.

What equipment is needed for making granular Manure from manure processing equipment of breeding farms

1. Organic fertilizer dumper: industrialized fermentation treatment of organic solids such as animal manure, domestic garbage, sludge and crop straw. This equipment conducts comprehensive fermentation on the uniformity of fermentation materials. This allows the front of the fermentation tank to be freely fed or taken out, and waste such as feces can be retained for a long time.

2. Semi wet material crusher is a professional crushing equipment for high humidity, multi fiber materials. Utilizing high-speed rotating blades to crush fibers with good particle size and high efficiency. The semi wet material grinder is mostly used in the production and processing of Manure. It has good effect in crushing chicken manure, humic acid sodium and other raw materials.

3. The Organic fertilizer mixer has fast mixing speed and good uniformity. It can mix 30% viscous materials with liquid. When it works, two rotors with opposite rotating blades stir in the middle. Due to the multiple special angles of the blades, regardless of the shape of the material. What is the size and density. Can mix quickly and effectively. Adopting a lower door for fast unloading speed and minimal residue.

4. Granulation: the selection of granulation mode is very important in the production of Manure. The production of granulators of various models and specifications, disc granulators, Manure agitating teeth granulators, new type agitating teeth rotary granulators, and Manure granulators has the advantages of uniform granulation particles, stable performance, and long service life, which can produce both Manure and inorganic fertilizer and organic inorganic compound fertilizer. The disc granulator is selected for this process.

5. Drying: Although most of the materials after granulation have already formed particles, the moisture and strength of the particles do not meet the standards, and drying treatment must be carried out. A rotary dryer is a rotating cylinder filled with lifting plates inside. Under the action of the plates, the material is fully lifted to exchange heat with the hot air generated by the hot air furnace. As a result, the temperature of the material is raised, and the moisture in it will quickly diffuse outward due to the temperature and steam partial pressure difference. The diffused moisture is carried away by the wind, achieving the effect of drying the material and improving its strength.

6. Cooling: The dried material is transported to the cooling machine through a belt, and the rotary cooling machine is also a rotating cylinder filled with lifting plates inside. Under the action of the plates, the granulated material is lifted and exchanged with the cold air sucked into the cylinder for heat exchange, cooling until it is close to

Each configuration of fecal fertilizer processing equipment varies. The low configuration of fecal fertilizer processing equipment only requires a crusher, mixer, granulator (optional), screening machine, and packaging machine. Therefore, the price of the whole set of Manure production line varies from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands.

Equipment and process of Organic fertilizer production line

The raw materials of Manure come from a wide range of sources, including livestock and poultry dung, fungal spore dregs, distiller’s grains sludge, tobacco, etc., which can be targeted as raw materials of Manure. In the past, these raw materials were troublesome wastes, and the purchase price was relatively low, making the finished Manure more profitable. The production equipment of Organic fertilizer takes granulation equipment as the core to produce finished particles so that the fertilizer can be effectively recycled. A large amount of livestock manure produced by the farm is used to produce green Manure. Manure is returned to the field to plant organic agriculture. Agricultural wastes and agricultural fruits are fed to various livestock and poultry to form a natural green ecological biological chain and maintain Balance of nature.

Equipment and process of Organic fertilizer production line to process manure and produce fertilizer:

1. Organic fertilizer dumper: industrialized fermentation treatment of organic solids such as animal manure, domestic garbage, sludge and crop straw. This equipment conducts comprehensive fermentation on the uniformity of fermentation materials. This allows the front of the fermentation tank to be freely fed or taken out, and waste such as feces can be retained for a long time.

2. Semi wet material crusher is a professional crushing equipment for high humidity, multi fiber materials. Utilizing high-speed rotating blades to crush fibers with good particle size and high efficiency. The semi wet material grinder is mostly used in the production and processing of Manure. It has good effect in crushing chicken manure, humic acid sodium and other raw materials.

3. The mixer has fast mixing speed and good uniformity, and can mix viscous materials with 30% added liquid. During operation, there are two opposite rotating blades and rotors stirring in the middle. Due to the multiple special angles of the blades, regardless of the shape of the material. What is the size and density. Can mix quickly and effectively. Adopting a lower door for fast unloading speed and minimal residue.

4. Granulation: the selection of granulation mode is very important in the production of Manure. The production of granulators of various models and specifications, disc granulators, Manure agitating teeth granulators, new type agitating teeth rotary granulators, and Organic fertilizer granulators has the advantages of uniform granulation particles, stable performance, and long service life. They can produce both Manure and inorganic fertilizer and organic inorganic compound fertilizer. The disc granulator is selected for this process.

5. Drying: Although most of the materials after granulation have already formed particles, the moisture and strength of the particles do not meet the standards, and drying treatment must be carried out. A rotary dryer is a rotating cylinder filled with lifting plates inside. Under the action of the plates, the material is fully lifted to exchange heat with the hot air generated by the hot air furnace. As a result, the temperature of the material is raised, and the moisture in it will quickly diffuse outward due to the temperature and steam partial pressure difference. The diffused moisture is carried away by the wind, achieving the effect of drying the material and improving its strength.

6. Cooling: The dried material is transported to the cooling machine through a belt, and the rotary cooling machine is also a rotating cylinder filled with lifting plates inside. Under the action of the plates, the granulated material is lifted and exchanged with the cold air sucked into the cylinder for heat exchange, cooling to near room temperature, further improving particle strength and reducing moisture.

7. Screening: After cooling, there are powdery materials present. A screening machine is used to screen out all the fine powder and large particles. The fine powder is directly returned to the mixer through the return belt conveyor and mixed with the raw materials before participating in the granulation process again. After the large particles are crushed, they are returned to the mixer through the same return belt conveyor as the fine powder. In this way, a complete production cycle is formed, and the semi-finished products enter the coating process.

8. Packaging: Qualified finished products are packaged using a scale for manual weighing or an automatic packaging machine.

9. Conveyor: Configure belt conveyors, bucket elevators, or screw conveyors according to the actual needs of customers.

Fertilizer production line technology for processing chicken manure into Manure

Manure is the main source of pollution in chicken farms. Organic fertilizer machine can perfectly solve the problem of fecal emissions, and the treated manure can also bring extra income to the chicken farm. Chicken farms can sell the treated chicken manure to organic fertilizer producers. After a series of processing, the manure can be processed into nutrient rich ecological organic fertilizer.

The fertilizer production process of chicken manure organic fertilizer is as follows:
1. The ratio of raw materials per ton is used to stack strips with unlimited length;
2. Compost fermented by powder;
3. Adding bacteria agent for mixing;
4. Comminution after mixing;
5. Granulation, drying, cooling and grading;
6. The moisture content of the newly made granules is relatively large, so it is necessary to dry the moisture content below 20% of the organic fertilizer standard. After cooling the dried granular organic fertilizer through the cooler, the organic fertilizer particles that meet the requirements can be directly packaged. On the contrary, further grinding, granulation, drying and cooling are needed.
Organic fertilizer equipment is specialized in the treatment of livestock manure, so it can effectively reduce the environmental pollution caused by livestock manure, so as to achieve the purpose of environmental protection. Moreover, the organic fertilizer produced by the organic fertilizer production equipment can effectively regulate the soil, improve the quality and solve the problem of soil hardening.

Processing link of technological process of Organic fertilizer production line

The Organic fertilizer production line is a complete set of production equipment to produce natural Organic fertilizer through a series of processing and treatment of animal and plant residues such as fresh chicken manure, cow manure, pig manure, sheep manure, solid waste straw and other residues as raw materials. The Organic fertilizer production line needs two steps to process commercial Manure: early fermentation and processing part and deep processing and granulation part.

Process flow of Organic fertilizer production line: raw material batching → mixing → crushing and caking → granulation → primary screening → particle drying → particle cooling → secondary screening → coating of finished particles → quantitative packaging of finished products.

Each link of the process flow of Organic fertilizer production line:

1. Ingredients of raw materials: generally, urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate (monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, heavy calcium, calcium superphosphate), Potassium chloride (Potassium sulfate) and other raw materials can be selected in a certain proportion (mainly determined according to local market demand and local soil test results);

2. Mixing and stirring: Mix the prepared raw materials evenly to improve the overall uniform fertilizer efficiency content of the fertilizer particles, and use a horizontal mixer or a disc mixer for mixing and stirring;

3. Agglomeration and crushing: Crush the mixed and evenly stirred raw materials into large blocks for subsequent granulation processing, mainly using chain crushers, etc;

4. Material granulation: The evenly stirred and crushed materials are fed into the granulation machine through a belt conveyor for granulation (which can be done using a rotary drum granulation machine, a pair of roller extrusion granulation machine, a disc granulation machine, etc.). This step is an essential and most important part of the organic fertilizer production process;

5. Primary screening: Preliminary screening of semi-finished particles, returning unqualified particles to the mixing and mixing process for further processing, usually using a drum screening machine;

6. Particle drying: The particles made by the granulator and screened by the first stage are fed into the dryer to dry the moisture contained in the particles, increase their strength, and facilitate storage. Generally, a rotary drum dryer is used;

7. Particle cooling: The dried fertilizer particles have a high temperature and are prone to clumping. After cooling, they are easy to pack, store, and transport, and are cooled using a cooling machine;

8. Particle secondary classification: Classify the cooled particles, crush the unqualified particles into new particles, and screen out the qualified products. A secondary drum screening machine can be used for screening;

9. Finished product particle coating: Coating qualified products to increase the brightness and roundness of the particles, making the appearance more beautiful. Generally, using a coating machine for coating;

10. Quantitative packaging of finished particles: The coated particles, also known as finished particles, are temporarily stored in the silo through a belt conveyor, and then connected to electronic quantitative packaging scales, sewing machines, and other automatic quantitative packaging and sealing bags. They are stored in a ventilated place to achieve full automation.