a. Particle size of raw materials: in order to achieve the granulation particle size of organic fertilizer granulator, the particle size of pig manure and auxiliary raw materials should be less than 10 mm, otherwise they need to be crushed;
b. Suitable material moisture: the optimum fermentation humidity of composting microorganisms is 50 ~ 60%, and the limit humidity is 60 ~ 65%. Therefore, the moisture content of composting materials should be adjusted to 55 ~ 60%. When the moisture content is more than 65%, there is a higher probability of dead tank fermentation.

c. Control of pig manure and auxiliary materials: according to the local agricultural conditions, the production process of pig manure fertilizer can use straw, corn stalk, peanut stem and other organic materials as auxiliary materials. The ratio of pig manure and auxiliary materials can be adjusted according to the requirements of fermentation moisture. (generally 3:1), the raw materials with carbon nitrogen ratio of 20 ~ 80:1 can be selected as the auxiliary materials for composting. Therefore, dry rice straw, corn stalk, deciduous leaves, soybean stem, peanut stem and other organic substances commonly used in rural areas can be used as auxiliary materials for composting and fermentation.
d. Fermentation cycle: after the pig manure, auxiliary materials and inoculated materials are mixed in the tank, the first turning is recorded as the start time of the fermentation cycle. Generally, it goes through a heating period of 3-4 days (5-7 days in winter) to enter the high-temperature fermentation stage. According to the temperature standard, when the temperature of the compost is over 60-70 ℃ for more than 24 hours, the compost windrow turner can be used to turn the pile, and the turning times vary with the seasons. The fermentation cycle is 15 days in summer and 25 days in winter.
e. If it is found that the temperature in the fermentation tank does not exceed 40 ℃ after 10 days in the tank, it can be judged as dead tank and the fermentation start-up fails. At this time, it is necessary to measure the water content in the tank. If the moisture content is more than 60%, it is necessary to add auxiliary materials and inoculating materials and mix them with organic fertilizer machine; if the moisture content is lower than 60%, consider whether the amount of inoculated materials is not enough.
After the pretreated livestock manure enters the organic fertilizer stirring and fermentation device for fermentation, an appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other elements are added according to a certain proportion to make the trace elements meet the organic fertilizer production standard, and then the livestock manure is processed into high fertilizer efficiency, convenient transportation and Use safe and affordable organic fertilizers.

Cow manure is the most troublesome thing for friends in the aquaculture industry, which is equivalent to the problem of dealing with agricultural straw, which is the biggest headache for us people in the agricultural industry. Collect cow dung and add crop straw in a certain proportion. After being decomposed, it can be used as raw material for Manure production, and its value will be greatly increased. Cow manure contains a lot of organic matter nutrients, and crop straw absorbs nutrients from the soil for a long time, so straw also has a certain amount of nutrients. Therefore, when these two materials are mixed to ferment Manure raw materials, they will be rich in more organic matter nutrients.

Operation steps of cattle manure straw Organic fertilizer production line:

1. Organic fertilizer dumper: collect cow dung and add straw in a certain proportion for fermentation. During the fermentation process, a composting machine is used to ferment cow manure thoroughly. Only timely and uniform composting can achieve this. After the material has fully matured and fermented, it can proceed to the next processing step.

2. Semi wet material crusher: After the above equipment has completely fermented and decomposed, the fermented and decomposed materials can be crushed using a crusher. The reason is that the newly fermented and decomposed materials are too large to be processed in the next stage, so a professional crusher is needed for processing. Here we will tell you about the commonly used types of crushers: semi wet material crushers, dual axis horizontal crushers, vertical hammer head crushers, etc.

3. Horizontal mixer: The materials processed by the crushing equipment can be transported to the horizontal mixer for mixing operations. During this period, mixing the materials evenly is a key factor, and the most important thing is which nutrients we want to add to it. During the mixing process, it is the most suitable stage.

4. Organic fertilizer granulator: the stirred materials can be transported to the granulator, thus entering the important granulation stage. I hereby recommend the disc granulator, which is a large and medium-sized granulator and is also the most commonly used equipment. In addition to this equipment, there are also wet stirring toothed granulators and roller extrusion granulators. As for which device to use, you can choose according to the customer’s needs.

5. Organic fertilizer dryer: the reason for passing through the drum dryer is that the moisture content in Manure granules is large, so it needs to be controlled within a certain range;

6. Rotary cooler: the reason for using the rotary cooler is that the processing temperature of Manure particles has reached a very high level through a series of equipment, so we need to use the rotary cooler to reduce the temperature;

7. Rolling screening machine: after being cooled, Manure particles can be screened out from Manure particles of different sizes using a drum screening machine for secondary crushing processing;

8. Organic fertilizer coating machine: the function of the coating machine is to wrap a layer of transparent coating on the surface of Manure particles, and to wrap a layer of coating without affecting the fertilizer efficiency of Manure particles so that the particles are not easy to be crushed and packed; By now, the production of Manure granules has been completed;

9. Organic fertilizer packing machine: the function of the automatic packing scale is to pack and sell the produced granules to the market.

It is not only helpful to improve the surrounding ecological environment, but also to further expand the economic and social benefits of pig farms.
Pig manure composting is a common treatment method. After 10-15 days of accumulation and fermentation, pig manure can be made into high-grade high-quality organic fertilizer; or through drying, it can be further made into organic and inorganic biological formula fertilizer, which can be sold commercially.

The common solution of pig manure is to use Organic fertilizer production lines to process Organic fertilizer
The solid organic wastes, such as pig manure and bedding grass, are piled up in a certain proportion. Under the action of microorganisms, biochemical reactions are carried out to naturally decompose them. With the increase of temperature in the heap, the pathogens, eggs and pupae of the larvae are killed, and harmless and become high-quality organic fertilizer.
At the same time, adding pig manure in batches can make the composting microorganisms in the composting shed rapidly propagate, which can reduce the amount of feces, dehydrate and harmless in a short time. Rapid aerobic composting technology requires the use of organic fertilizer machine ventilation, composting and raising the fermentation temperature, at the same time adding accelerated fermentation microbial strains.
For large and medium-sized pig farms, industrialized fermentation and drying method can be adopted, while for small-scale pig farms or farmers’ self-care, the method of providing fermentation bacteria and farmers’ own composting and fermentation can be adopted.
Pig manure organic fertilizer is different from chemical fertilizer in the market. It can not only prevent and control the damage of various diseases and insect pests on crops, but also improve the soil, reduce the harmful residues of nitrate and heavy metals caused by the large use of chemical fertilizers in the products, inhibit and kill pathogenic bacteria, and provide the nutrition needed by crops Ingredients, coordinate the proportion of nutrients, promote the reasonable growth of crops, create green pollution-free food for you.

The raw materials of Manure come from a wide range of sources, including livestock and poultry dung, fungal spore dregs, distiller’s grains sludge, tobacco, etc., which can be targeted as raw materials of Manure. In the past, these raw materials were troublesome wastes, and the purchase price was relatively low, making the finished Manure more profitable. The production equipment of Organic fertilizer takes granulation equipment as the core to produce finished particles so that the fertilizer can be effectively recycled. A large amount of livestock manure produced by the farm is used to produce green Manure. Manure is returned to the field to plant organic agriculture. Agricultural wastes and agricultural fruits are fed to various livestock and poultry to form a natural green ecological biological chain and maintain Balance of nature.

Equipment and process of Organic fertilizer production line to process manure and produce fertilizer:

1. Organic fertilizer dumper: industrialized fermentation treatment of organic solids such as animal manure, domestic garbage, sludge and crop straw. This equipment conducts comprehensive fermentation on the uniformity of fermentation materials. This allows the front of the fermentation tank to be freely fed or taken out, and waste such as feces can be retained for a long time.

2. Semi wet material crusher is a professional crushing equipment for high humidity, multi fiber materials. Utilizing high-speed rotating blades to crush fibers with good particle size and high efficiency. The semi wet material grinder is mostly used in the production and processing of Manure. It has good effect in crushing chicken manure, humic acid sodium and other raw materials.

3. The mixer has fast mixing speed and good uniformity, and can mix viscous materials with 30% added liquid. During operation, there are two opposite rotating blades and rotors stirring in the middle. Due to the multiple special angles of the blades, regardless of the shape of the material. What is the size and density. Can mix quickly and effectively. Adopting a lower door for fast unloading speed and minimal residue.

4. Granulation: the selection of granulation mode is very important in the production of Manure. The production of granulators of various models and specifications, disc granulators, Manure agitating teeth granulators, new type agitating teeth rotary granulators, and Organic fertilizer granulators has the advantages of uniform granulation particles, stable performance, and long service life. They can produce both Manure and inorganic fertilizer and organic inorganic compound fertilizer. The disc granulator is selected for this process.

5. Drying: Although most of the materials after granulation have already formed particles, the moisture and strength of the particles do not meet the standards, and drying treatment must be carried out. A rotary dryer is a rotating cylinder filled with lifting plates inside. Under the action of the plates, the material is fully lifted to exchange heat with the hot air generated by the hot air furnace. As a result, the temperature of the material is raised, and the moisture in it will quickly diffuse outward due to the temperature and steam partial pressure difference. The diffused moisture is carried away by the wind, achieving the effect of drying the material and improving its strength.

6. Cooling: The dried material is transported to the cooling machine through a belt, and the rotary cooling machine is also a rotating cylinder filled with lifting plates inside. Under the action of the plates, the granulated material is lifted and exchanged with the cold air sucked into the cylinder for heat exchange, cooling to near room temperature, further improving particle strength and reducing moisture.

7. Screening: After cooling, there are powdery materials present. A screening machine is used to screen out all the fine powder and large particles. The fine powder is directly returned to the mixer through the return belt conveyor and mixed with the raw materials before participating in the granulation process again. After the large particles are crushed, they are returned to the mixer through the same return belt conveyor as the fine powder. In this way, a complete production cycle is formed, and the semi-finished products enter the coating process.

8. Packaging: Qualified finished products are packaged using a scale for manual weighing or an automatic packaging machine.

9. Conveyor: Configure belt conveyors, bucket elevators, or screw conveyors according to the actual needs of customers.

Manure is the main source of pollution in chicken farms. Organic fertilizer machine can perfectly solve the problem of fecal emissions, and the treated manure can also bring extra income to the chicken farm. Chicken farms can sell the treated chicken manure to organic fertilizer producers. After a series of processing, the manure can be processed into nutrient rich ecological organic fertilizer.

The fertilizer production process of chicken manure organic fertilizer is as follows:
1. The ratio of raw materials per ton is used to stack strips with unlimited length;
2. Compost fermented by powder;
3. Adding bacteria agent for mixing;
4. Comminution after mixing;
5. Granulation, drying, cooling and grading;
6. The moisture content of the newly made granules is relatively large, so it is necessary to dry the moisture content below 20% of the organic fertilizer standard. After cooling the dried granular organic fertilizer through the cooler, the organic fertilizer particles that meet the requirements can be directly packaged. On the contrary, further grinding, granulation, drying and cooling are needed.
Organic fertilizer equipment is specialized in the treatment of livestock manure, so it can effectively reduce the environmental pollution caused by livestock manure, so as to achieve the purpose of environmental protection. Moreover, the organic fertilizer produced by the organic fertilizer production equipment can effectively regulate the soil, improve the quality and solve the problem of soil hardening.

The Organic fertilizer production line is a complete set of production equipment to produce natural Organic fertilizer through a series of processing and treatment of animal and plant residues such as fresh chicken manure, cow manure, pig manure, sheep manure, solid waste straw and other residues as raw materials. The Organic fertilizer production line needs two steps to process commercial Manure: early fermentation and processing part and deep processing and granulation part.

Process flow of Organic fertilizer production line: raw material batching → mixing → crushing and caking → granulation → primary screening → particle drying → particle cooling → secondary screening → coating of finished particles → quantitative packaging of finished products.

Each link of the process flow of Organic fertilizer production line:

1. Ingredients of raw materials: generally, urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate (monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, heavy calcium, calcium superphosphate), Potassium chloride (Potassium sulfate) and other raw materials can be selected in a certain proportion (mainly determined according to local market demand and local soil test results);

2. Mixing and stirring: Mix the prepared raw materials evenly to improve the overall uniform fertilizer efficiency content of the fertilizer particles, and use a horizontal mixer or a disc mixer for mixing and stirring;

3. Agglomeration and crushing: Crush the mixed and evenly stirred raw materials into large blocks for subsequent granulation processing, mainly using chain crushers, etc;

4. Material granulation: The evenly stirred and crushed materials are fed into the granulation machine through a belt conveyor for granulation (which can be done using a rotary drum granulation machine, a pair of roller extrusion granulation machine, a disc granulation machine, etc.). This step is an essential and most important part of the organic fertilizer production process;

5. Primary screening: Preliminary screening of semi-finished particles, returning unqualified particles to the mixing and mixing process for further processing, usually using a drum screening machine;

6. Particle drying: The particles made by the granulator and screened by the first stage are fed into the dryer to dry the moisture contained in the particles, increase their strength, and facilitate storage. Generally, a rotary drum dryer is used;

7. Particle cooling: The dried fertilizer particles have a high temperature and are prone to clumping. After cooling, they are easy to pack, store, and transport, and are cooled using a cooling machine;

8. Particle secondary classification: Classify the cooled particles, crush the unqualified particles into new particles, and screen out the qualified products. A secondary drum screening machine can be used for screening;

9. Finished product particle coating: Coating qualified products to increase the brightness and roundness of the particles, making the appearance more beautiful. Generally, using a coating machine for coating;

10. Quantitative packaging of finished particles: The coated particles, also known as finished particles, are temporarily stored in the silo through a belt conveyor, and then connected to electronic quantitative packaging scales, sewing machines, and other automatic quantitative packaging and sealing bags. They are stored in a ventilated place to achieve full automation.

NPK manufacturing process of simple equipment needs to use equipment: automatic batching, mixer, disc feeder, double roller fertilizer granulator machine, screening machine, packaging machine.Equipment flow of NPK manufacturing process
The qualified raw materials are added into the mixer according to the proportion requirements and mixed evenly;
It is transported to the disc feeder to remove the iron substance in the material during the conveying process;
The materials in the disc feeder enter into the double roller fertilizer granulator machine evenly, and the materials are forced to pass between the two pressure rollers and are squeezed into thin plates. The thin plates are broken into fragments by the coarse crusher under the pressure roller, and the materials on the screen continue to be broken and screened;
The semi-finished products are transported to the screening machine of finished products; the fine particles after screening are directly returned to the disc feeder; the large particles are crushed by the pulverizer and then returned to the disc feeder,
After screening, the qualified products are transported to the automatic packing scale for weighing, packaging and warehousing.

Characteristics of NPK manufacturing process
The NPK manufacturing process adopts non drying normal temperature process, which is formed in one time. The equipment has the advantages of less investment, quick effect and good economic benefit. The complete set of equipment has the advantages of compact layout, scientific and reasonable technology, energy saving and consumption reduction, no three wastes elimination, stable production, reliable operation, convenient maintenance and wide adaptability of raw materials, which is suitable for compound fertilizer, medicine, chemical feed, coal, metallurgy, etc And it can produce various concentrations and kinds of compound fertilizers.
Integrated equipment process for poultry and livestock manure treatment: raw material fermentation – automatic raw material batching system – crushing and mixing – organic fertilizer granulation – dryer drying organic fertilizer particles – cooler cooling organic fertilizer particles – screening machine screening qualified organic fertilizer particles – coating machine coating particles smoother – packaging scale automatic filling of organic fertilizer particles – sealing.

Is there dust pollution in the chicken Organic fertilizer production line? How to solve the problem of dust removal? When Organic fertilizer production line equipment is used to make Organic fertilizer, a small amount of dust will also appear on individual sites, which requires that these dust be removed.

1. In the whole Organic fertilizer production line, when the materials are dried, a certain amount of fine dust will be produced. We can extract these dust for precipitation and filtration through the cyclone dust collector or water curtain dust collector, which solves the problem of dust. Because of limited funds, friends can build a small dust chamber next to the dryer, and pump the dust into the dust chamber through the fan for static setting.

2. During the construction of Organic fertilizer equipment, most of them use organic wastes and perishable substances. So the storage and unloading of raw materials will generate odor. In addition, the storage sites for raw materials, auxiliary materials and compost, as well as the platform between fermentation facilities accessed by Cart, etc. It can produce dust and unpleasant gases. Although auxiliary materials such as rice husks and sawdust do not produce unpleasant gases, they produce a large amount of dust when unloaded.

3. When the shredder in the Organic fertilizer equipment is used to crush rice husks, dust and water vapor will also be generated when the crushed rice husks are transported. When crushing and pruning, if a shear crusher is used, there is basically no dust generated. However, if high-speed rotary crushing and air conveying are used to crush and prune, a considerable amount of dust and noise will be generated.

4. In the mixing equipment, various raw materials are fed into the mixer, especially during the discharge of low moisture content compost returns and mixed raw materials, which can also generate odor and dust.

5. In the fermentation process, the decomposition of organic matter produces ammonia gas. Through the input of raw materials into the fermentation facility and the discharge of compost through the fermentation facility, odor and dust are generated during repeated operations in the secondary fermentation tank. The decomposition of organic matter will cause the temperature of raw materials to rise and generate a large amount of water. In the process of repeated operation, water vapor, dust and gas will be mixed together, resulting in white fog in the fermentation room of Organic fertilizer equipment. The odor and water vapor generated during the fermentation process will significantly decrease with the end of the first fermentation, and will basically disappear upon the completion of the second fermentation. The decrease in moisture in compost is accompanied by a decrease in moisture, which in turn generates dust. During the repeated use of secondary fermentation facilities, water vapor and dust will be generated simultaneously.

6. After the chicken organic fertilizer Organic fertilizer production line is used for a long time, some dust will accumulate. If the dust is not cleaned in time, the use effect of the equipment will be affected. The dust pollution on the chicken organic fertilizer Organic fertilizer production line may be caused by high potential energy difference.

Utilize transportation equipment with good sealing performance to reduce the height difference and inclination of the unloading logistics, and set up flow separation facilities as much as possible. Not only can it enhance the flexibility and efficiency of the configuration between various operations, but it can also reduce scattering and dust. Utilize exhaust systems. In order to prevent dust from causing more pollution, indoor dust can also be removed through the exhaust system, which means removing indoor exhaust gas.

The chicken organic fertilizer Organic fertilizer production line will send all kinds of high humidity and high viscosity organic wastes (such as livestock organic fertilizer, chemical, paper making, brewing, food organic waste residue) that need to be dried into the high humidity material dryer through the conveying system, which will be lifted by the special board on the inner wall of the cylinder. The rapidly rotating mixing wing in the middle of the cylinder repeatedly crushes the wet material, allowing for sufficient heat exchange between the material and the high-temperature hot air with slight negative pressure. Due to the combined effect of the cylinder inclination angle and introduction, the material slowly moves forward and flows out from the tail; The exhaust gas is discharged up to standard through cyclone dust removal and water bath dust removal.

Some farms use water to clean up feces, so the water content is relatively large, and some farms use manure cleaning machine, the water content is less.
If the moisture content in raw materials is too high, dry and wet separators can be used to reduce water content, or straw can be added to control water content. When the moisture content is about 55%, fermentation can be started. The simplest way to check the moisture content is to hold it by hand. If the water flows along the finger joint, it means that the moisture content is too high. If it is kneaded into a ball, it means that the moisture content is low. The best way to check the moisture content is to hold it by hand without overflowing.
Fertilizer production process according to the product to add organic fertilizer microbial agent, no requirement can be added. If you want to speed up the fermentation of raw materials, you can add organic fertilizer starter. During the fermentation process, the fermentation temperature should be controlled at all times to reach about 70 degrees, and the compost windrow turner should be used to flip until the fermentation is completed.

After fermented and decomposed, pig manure can be crushed by organic fertilizer grinder. If it is to produce powdered organic fertilizer, it can be directly packaged and stored. If the production of granular organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer granulator should be used for granulation, and then through the organic fertilizer screening machine, organic fertilizer dryer and other equipment to better process, improve the finished product quality of pig manure organic fertilizer. 

The production of organic fertilizer mainly includes: 1. Raw material preparation; 2 fermentation and ripening; 3. Granulation and molding; 4 quality control. In raw material preparation: chemical analysis and crushing of raw materials are required. When mixing raw materials, it is also necessary to adjust water content, carbon nitrogen ratio and pH. In the process of fermentation and decomposition: it is necessary to inoculate fermentation bacteria, aerate to ensure that the reactor contains appropriate oxygen, and flip to control the reactor temperature and promote the emission of water. Fermented and decomposed organic fertilizer can be directly applied to field crops or granulated. In the granulation and molding process: it needs to go through 7 steps: crushing, batching, mixing, granulation, drying, functional bacteria (sometimes added) and cooling. The granular organic fertilizer is generally used for flowers, fruits and vegetables and greenhouse crops. In order to ensure the quality of organic fertilizer, it is necessary to carry out quality control, detect the relevant indicators of organic fertilizer, and then judge whether it is qualified according to the standard of organic fertilizer.

In the trend of modern agriculture,the small-scale disc granulator is becoming more and more important.The application of organic fertilizer is no longer limited to a small expermental field.Now many agricultural users are proving that the small-scale disc granulator is more productive in colleges and universites.We can know that the modern organic fertilizer has the characteristics of pollution-free and pollution-free through the comparsion of organic fertilizer,inorganic fertilizer and other fertilizers.It can be optimized the physical and chemical structure of land can also enhance biological activity.Organic fertilizer machine is to be designed for the production of organic fertilizer.
Organic fertilizer itself is formed by the remains of animals and plants or their metabolites.For example,feces and urine metabolites.It is rich in nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium.It can provide nutrients for the farmers very well.Mover,most of these ingredients can be well absorbed and help the crops grow more well.Now organic fertilizer has the characteristics of pollution-free and pollution-free.Don’t worry about polluting the land.Better the sutainable production of agriculture has been realized.
In order to better understand the small-scale disc granulator,let’s talk about the advantages of organic fertilizer and its precautions.Organic fertilizer can effectively improve the physical and chemical structure of the land,which we have mentioned before.There are also achievements in improving the output of crops.Moreover,organic fertilizer can be applied together with other fertilizers,which can greatly improve the benefits of fertilizer.It is better than the previous farmyard manure.It can evenly distributed on the crops to promote the uniform absorption of the crops.It is also more convenient to use.When the organic fertilizer granulator,which it is to be made by using the fertilizer granulation machine to finish the granulation process,releases the organic fertilizer,it should also pay attention to the amount.It should be put in accordance with the actual situation.In addition,in the growth process of the agricultural crops,it must be paid attention to processing the organic fertilizer and then using it.In this way,it can be used.It can get rid of the germs brought by itself,so that it will not pollute the land and can get rid of these germs more scientifically.
So how do cow dung make organic fertilizer?
There are many raw materials for the production of bio organic fertilizer,which can be divided into the following categories:
1.Agricultural wastes,such as straw, soybean meal, cotton meal, etc. 2. Animal manure: such as chicken manure, cattle, sheep, horse manure, rabbit manure; 3. Industrial wastes: such as distiller’s grains, vinegar grains, cassava dregs, sugar dregs, furfural dregs, etc.; 4. Domestic wastes: such as kitchen garbage, etc.; 5. Urban sludge: such as river sludge, sewage sludge, etc.

Characteristics of bio organic fertilizer

The ecological organic fertilizer has complete nutrient elements, which can improve the soil and improve the soil hardening caused by the use of chemical fertilizer. Improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, and enhance the ability of soil water conservation, fertilizer conservation and fertilizer supply. The beneficial microorganisms in bio organic fertilizer enter into the soil and form a symbiotic and proliferative relationship with the microorganisms in the soil, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and transform them into beneficial bacteria, interact and promote each other, play a collaborative role in the community, beneficial bacteria produce a large number of metabolites in the growth and reproduction process, promote the decomposition and transformation of organic matters, and directly or indirectly provide more for crops Plant nutrients and irritants to promote and control crop growth. Improve soil porosity, permeability and exchange, plant survival rate, increase beneficial bacteria, soil microorganisms and population. By the way,the flat die granulator machine is usually to be used to make bioorganic fertilizer granulator,besides these granulator machine,the rotary drum granulator machine also can be used to produce the fertilizer granulator.At the same time, the advantage of beneficial bacteria in the formation of crop root system can inhibit the propagation of harmful pathogens, enhance the ability of crop resistance to stress and disease, reduce the disease index of continuous crops, and the continuous application can greatly alleviate the continuous cropping obstacles. Reducing environmental pollution is a kind of environmental protection fertilizer, which is safe and nontoxic to human, animal and environment.